- Chemistry Comes Alive Study Guide
- Chapter 2 Chemistry Comes Alive Study Guide Answer Key
- Chemistry Comes Alive Chapter 2 Study Guide Answers
Hydrogen Bonds Hydrogen bonds only form between hydrogen and oxygen (O), nitrogen (N) or fluorine (F). Hydrogen bonds are very specific and lead to certain molecules having special properties due to these types of bonds. Hydrogen bonding sometimes results in the element that is not hydrogen (oxygen, for example) having a lone pair of electrons on the atom, making it polar. Lone pairs of electrons are non-bonding electrons that sit in twos (pairs) on the central atom of the compound.
Water, for example, exhibits hydrogen bonding and polarity as a result of the bonding. Answer: Covalent and yes it is strong. But keep reading. The three types of chemical bonds are Ionic bonds, Covalent bonds, and Polar covalent bonds. Chemists also recognize hydrogen bonds as a fourth form of chemical bond, though their properties align closely with the other types of bonds.
Anatomy and Physiology Chemistry Comes Alive 2.1 Matching. Answer: TRUE 3) Chemical properties are determined primarily by neutrons. To be able to download, share one of your study documents and download all you like for the. Chapter 2: Chemistry Comes Alive Chemistry is often called the 'central science,' in recognition of its important role in the living and nonliving world. Chemistry is the study of matter and energy; everything in the universe is composed of matter, and energy transformations drive every chemical reaction that takes place, including the important metabolic reactions in the body. This is the basis of rhythm and comes from the Greek words 'syn,' meaning 'together. There is a legend that if guides, Indians, hunters, and men of the wilds of the. The study of chemistry is also important and will be very useful to help you in. When you begin to fly, and a good Scout knows how to keep alert and alive.
Ionic Bonds Ionic bonds form when two atoms have a large difference in electronegativity. (Electronegativity is the quantitative representation of an atom's ability to attract an electron to itself). Although scientists do not have an exact value to signal an ionic bond, the amount is generally accepted as 1.7 and over to qualify a bond as ionic. Ionic bonds often occur between metals and salts; chloride is often the bonding salt. Compounds displaying ionic bonds form ionic crystals in which ions of positive and negative charges hover near each other, but there is not always a direct 1-1 correlation between positive and negative ions. Ionic bonds can typically be broken through hydrogenation, or the addition of water to a compound.
Covalent Bonds Covalent bonds form when two atoms have a very small (nearly insignificant) difference in electronegativity. The value of difference in electronegativity between two atoms in a covalent bond is less than 1.7.
Covalent bonds often form between similar atoms, nonmetal to nonmetal or metal to metal. Covalent bonding signals a complete sharing of electrons. There is usually a direct correlation between positive and negative ions, meaning that because they share electrons, the atoms balance.
Covalent bonds are usually strong because of this direct bonding. Polar Covalent Bonds Polar covalent bonds fall between ionic and covalent bonds. They result when two elements bond with a moderate difference in electronegativity moderately to greatly, but they do not surpass 1.7 in electronegativity difference.
Although polar covalent bonds are classified as covalent, they do have significant ionic properties. They also induce dipole-dipole interactions, where one atom becomes slightly negative and the other atom becomes slightly positive.
However, the slight change in charge is not large enough to classify it entirely as an ion; they are simply considered slightly positive or slightly negative. Polar covalent bonds often indicate polar molecules, which are likely to bond with other polar molecules but are unlikely to bond with non-polar molecules. Triglycerides are a potent store of energy for animals.
When broken down, they release twice as much energy as a comparable weight of sugars or carbohydrates-one of the reasons it's so difficult to burn off extra weight. Phospholipids, by contrast, form the membranes in your cells. Since one end of each phospholipid is hydrophilic and the other is hydrophobic, the phospholipids form a bilayer that's two molecules thick; the hydrophilic heads point outwards towards the water and the hydrophobic tails point inwards towards the center of the bilayer.
Chemistry Comes Alive Anatomy & Physiology Basic Chemistry Matter The “stuff” of the universe. Anything that occupies space and has mass. States of matter Solid Liquid Gas Chapter 2: Chemistry Comes Alive Basic Chemistry Energy Less tangible no mass, does not take up space, & is only measured by its effects on matter. The capacity to do work or to put matter into motion. Potential Energy Kinetic: Energy in action does work by moving objects. Bouncing ball Potential: Stored energy inactive energy that has the potential or capability to do work.
Batteries in an unused toy. Chapter 2: Chemistry Comes Alive Basic Chemistry Forms of Energy Chemical energy Electrical energy Stored in the bonds of chemical substances. Energy in the foods you eat is captured in the bonds of a chemical called ATP (adenosine triphosphate) and later broken and released to do cellular work.
Electrical energy Results from the movement of charged particles. In your body, electrical currents are generated when charged particles called ions move across cell membranes. Nerve impulses are also electrical currents that transmit messages from one part of the body to another. Chapter 2: Chemistry Comes Alive Basic Chemistry Mechanical energy Radiant or electromagnetic energy Directly involved in moving matter. When you ride a bike your legs provide mechanical energy that move the pedals. Radiant or electromagnetic energy Energy that travels in waves.
Chemistry Comes Alive Study Guide
Light energy that stimulates the retinas in our eyes is important for vision. Chapter 2: Chemistry Comes Alive Composition of Matter: Atoms & Elements All mater is composed of elements unique substances that cannot be broken down into simpler substances by ordinary methods. 112 elements are known with certainty oxygen, gold, silver, & copper. 92 occur in nature the rest are made artificially. 4 make up 96% of our body weight carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, and nitrogen. 20 others are present in the body some in trace amounts.
Chapter 2: Chemistry Comes Alive Composition of Matter: Atoms & Elements Elements are composed of building blocks called atoms. Every element’s atoms differ from those of all other elements and give the element its unique physical and chemical properties. Atom comes from a Greek word meaning “indivisible”.
We know atoms are made up of even smaller particles called protons, neutrons, & electrons. The atom’s nucleus contains the neutral neutrons and positive protons and is orbited by negatively charged electrons.
Chapter 2: Chemistry Comes Alive How Matter is Combined: Molecules and Mixtures Combinations of two or more atoms held together by chemical bonds is called a molecule. When two or more atoms of the same element combine the resulting substance is called a molecule of that element.
When two oxygen atoms combine they for a molecule of oxygen gas (O2). When two or more different kinds of atoms bind they form molecules of a compound. Two hydrogen atoms combine with one oxygen atom to form the compound water (H2O). Chapter 2: Chemistry Comes Alive How Matter is Combined: Molecules and Mixtures Mixtures are substances composed of two or more components physically intermixed.
Solutions are homogenous mixtures of components that may be gases, liquids, or solids. Homogenous means that the mixture has exactly the same composition throughout. Substances present in the greatest amount are called solvents and substances present in smaller amounts are called solutes. Chapter 2: Chemistry Comes Alive How Matter is Combined: Molecules and Mixtures Colloids are heterogeneous mixtures, which means their composition is dissimilar in different areas of the mixture. Colloids are also called emulsions and are translucent or milky, the solute particles are larger but usually do not settle out.
Cytosol the semifluid in living cells is a colloid because it has dispersed proteins. Suspensions are heterogeneous mixtures with large often visible solutes that tend to settle out. Blood is an example of a suspension- living blood cells are suspended in the fluid portion of blood- blood plasma.
Chapter 2: Chemistry Comes Alive Figure 2.4 The three basic types of mixtures. Solution Colloid Suspension Solute particles are very tiny, do not settle out or scatter light.
Solute particles are larger than in a solution and scatter light; do not settle out. Solute particles are very large, settle out, and may scatter light.
Figure 2.4 The three basic types of mixtures. Solute particles Solute particles Solute particles Example Mineral water Example Gelatin Example Blood Types of Chemical Bonds Ionic Bonds are chemical bonds between atoms formed by the transfer of one or more electrons from one atom to the other. Covalent bonds Electrons do not have to be completely transferred for atoms to achieve stability.
When electrons are shared between atoms this constitutes a covalent bond. Hydrogen Bonds are more like attractions than true bonds. Form when a hydrogen atom is attracted to another hydrogen atom.
Chapter 2: Chemistry Comes Alive Chemical Reactions Synthesis Reaction A chemical reaction occurs whenever chemical bonds are formed, rearranged, or broken. Most chemical reactions exhibit one of three patterns: synthesis, decomposition, or exchange reactions. Synthesis or combination reactions: atoms or molecules combine to form a larger, more complex molecule. New bonds are formed. Decomposition reactions: molecules are broken down into smaller molecules or its constituent atoms.
Bonds are broken. Exchange or displacement reactions: involve both synthesis and decomposition. Bonds are both made and broken.
Decomposition Reaction Single Replacement Reaction Chapter 2: Chemistry Comes Alive Figure 2.11 Patterns of chemical reactions. (a) Synthesis reactions (b) Decomposition reactions (c) Exchange reactions Smaller particles are bonded together to form larger, more complex molecules. Bonds are broken in larger molecules, resulting in smaller, less complex molecules. Bonds are both made and broken (also called displacement reactions). Figure Patterns of chemical reactions. Example Example Example Amino acids are joined together to form a protein molecule. Glycogen is broken down to release glucose units.
ATP transfers its terminal phosphate group to glucose to form glucose-phosphate. + Amino acid molecules Glycogen Glucose Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) + Protein molecule Glucose molecules Glucose phosphate Adenosine diphosphate (ADP) Chemical Reactions Factors that influence the rate of chemical reactions include: Temperature Increasing temperature speeds up chemical reactions.
Concentration Chemical reactions progress most rapidly when the reacting particles are present in high numbers because the chance of successful collisions is greater. Particle Size Smaller particles move faster than larger ones and tend to collide more frequently and more forcefully. Catalysts Substances that increase the rate of chemical reactions without themselves becoming chemically changed or part of the product. Biological catalysts are called enzymes. Chapter 2: Chemistry Comes Alive Inorganic Compounds Water Most abundant and important inorganic compound in living material mainly due to its several properties: High heat capacity Absorbs and releases large amounts of heat before changing in temperature.
This property prevents sudden changes in body temperature due to outside factors like sun or wind. High heat of vaporization When water evaporates or vaporizes it changes from liquid to a gas- this transformation requires large amounts of heat to break the hydrogen bonds that hold water together. This property is extremely beneficial when we sweat- as perspiration evaporates from our skin large amounts of heat are removed from the body providing cooling.
Chapter 2: Chemistry Comes Alive Inorganic Compounds Polar solvent properties Reactivity Cushioning Universal solvent Because water molecules are polar they orient themselves with their slightly negative ends toward the positive ends this polarity explains why compounds and molecules disassociate in water and become evenly scattered forming true solutions. Water is the body’s major transport medium because its such a great solvent- nutrients, respiratory gases, and metabolic wastes carried through out the body are dissolved in blood plasma.
Reactivity Water is an important reactant in many chemical reactions. Foods are digested to their building blocks by adding a water molecule to each bond to be broken. Cushioning By forming a resilient cushion around certain body organs, water helps protect them from physical trauma. Chapter 2: Chemistry Comes Alive Inorganic Compounds Salts Salts commonly found in the body include NaCl, CaCO3, and KCl. Salts are ions and all ions are electrolytes- substances that conduct an electrical current in solution.
The electrolyte properties of sodium and potassium ions are essential for nerve impulse transmission and muscle contraction. Chapter 2: Chemistry Comes Alive Inorganic Compounds Acids and Bases Acids and bases are also electrolytes. Acids have a sour taste and can react with many metals. Hydrochloric acid is an acid produced by the stomach cells that aids in digestion.
Bases have a bitter taste and feel slippery. Bicarbonate ion is an important base in the body and is abundant in blood. Ammonia, a common waste product of protein breakdown in the body, is also a base. Chapter 2: Chemistry Comes Alive Inorganic Compounds pH scale measures the alkalinity or acidity of substances and is based on the number of hydrogen ions in a solution.
The more hydrogen ions in a solution the more acidic it is. Buffers resist abrupt and large swings in pH. High concentrations of acids and bases are extremely damaging to living tissues. Chapter 2: Chemistry Comes Alive Organic Compounds Carbohydrates Sugars and starches Contain carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen.
The major function of carbs. In the body is to provide a ready, easily used source of cellular fuel. Monosaccharides Simple sugars Single-chain or single ring structures containing from 3 to 7 carbon atoms.
Glucose or blood sugar Pentose or deoxyribose- part of DNA Glucose Chapter 2: Chemistry Comes Alive Organic Compounds Disaccharides Polysaccharides A double sugar Formed when two monosaccharides are joined by dehydration synthesis. Sucrose (glucose + fructose) Lactose (glucose + galactose) Maltose (glucose + glucose) Polysaccharides Polymers of simple sugars linked together by dehydration synthesis. Starch and Glycogen Sucrose Chapter 2: Chemistry Comes Alive Organic Compounds Lipids Are insoluble in water. Contain carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. Fat deposits that protect and insulate the organs and that are a major source of stored energy. Chapter 2: Chemistry Comes Alive Organic Compounds Triglycerides Fats when solid and oils when liquid Composed of two types of building blocks: 3 fatty acids and a glycerol. Longer fatty acid chains and more saturated fatty acids are common in animal fats such as butter fat and meat fat- these are considered the “bad” fats.
Unsaturated fat like olive oil is considered “heart healthy”. Trans fats common in many margarines are oils that have been solidified by addition of H atoms- these increase the risk of heart disease even more than animal fats. Omega-3 fatty acids found naturally in cold-water fish decrease the risk of heart disease. Chapter 2: Chemistry Comes Alive Organic Compounds Phospholipids Steroids Eicosanoids Modified triglycerides. Diglycerides with a phosphorous containing group and two fatty acids chains. Used as the chief material for building cellular membranes. Steroids Flat molecules made of four interlocking hydrocarbon rings.
Cholesterol, bile salts (aid in digestion), Vitamin D, Sex Hormones (estrogen and testosterone), and Adrenocortical hormones (cortisol- regulates blood glucose). Eicosanoids Found in all cell membranes Prostaglandins- play roles in blood clotting, regulation of blood pressure, inflammation, and labor contractions. Chapter 2: Chemistry Comes Alive Organic Compounds Proteins Composes 10-30% of cell mass and is the basic structural material of the body. Not all proteins are created equal: enzymes, hemoglobin of the blood, & contractile proteins of muscle. All proteins contain carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, & nitrogen- many also contain sulfur & phosphorous.
Chapter 2: Chemistry Comes Alive Organic Compounds Amino Acids & Peptide Bonds Amino Acids are the building blocks of proteins. 20 common types All have two important functional groups: an amine group (-NH2) and an organic acid group (-COOH).
All amino acids are identical except for their R group- this is what makes each one unique. Proteins are long chains of amino acids joined together by dehydration synthesis, with the amine end of one amino acid linked to the acid end of the next- this arrangement produces a peptide bond. Chapter 2: Chemistry Comes Alive Organic Compounds 4 Structural Levels of Proteins Primary Structure: the sequence of amino acids forms the polypeptide chain.
Secondary Structure: the primary chain forms spirals (α- helices) and sheets (β-sheets). Chapter 2: Chemistry Comes Alive Organic Compounds Tertiary Structure: superimposed on secondary structure. Α- helices and/or β-sheets are folded up to form a compact globular molecule held together by intramolecular bonds.
Chapter 2 Chemistry Comes Alive Study Guide Answer Key
Quaternary Structure: two or more polypeptide chains, each with its own tertiary structure, combine to form a functional protein. Chapter 2: Chemistry Comes Alive Organic Compounds Fibrous and Globular Proteins The structure of a proteins determines its function. Fibrous proteins are extended and strandlike. Also known as structural proteins. Some exhibit only secondary structure but most have tertiary.
Collagen: composite of helical tropocollagen molecules that are packed together to form a strong ropelike structure. Chapter 2: Chemistry Comes Alive Organic Compounds Globular proteins are compact, spherical proteins that have at least tertiary structure, some have quaternary. Also known as functional proteins. Water soluble, chemically active, and play critical roles in virtually all biological processes.
Antibodies- help provide immunity. Protein-based hormones regulate growth and development. Enzymes are catalysts that oversee chemical reactions in the body. Chapter 2: Chemistry Comes Alive Organic Compounds Nucleic Acids Composed of carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen, and phosphorous.
Include two major classes of molecules- deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and ribonucleic acid (RNA). DNA is found in the nucleus of the cell and constiutes the genetic material.
Chemistry Comes Alive Chapter 2 Study Guide Answers
RNA is located outside the nucleus and is the “molecular slave” of DNA- carries out orders for protein synthesis issued by DNA. Chapter 2: Chemistry Comes Alive Organic Compounds Structural units of nucleic acids are nucleotides. Each nucleotide consists of: a nitrogen containing base, a pentose sugar, and a phosphate group. Nitrogen containing bases: Adenine, Guanine, Cytosine, Thymine, and Uracil. Adenine and Guanine are large 2 ring bases called purines.
Cytosine, Thymine, and Uracil are smaller single ring bases called pyrimidines. These bases bond to form the double helix of DNA G-C A-T RNA are single strands of nucleotides. A-U Chapter 2: Chemistry Comes Alive Organic Compounds Adenosine Triphosphate Primary energy-transferring molecule in cells which provides a form of energy that is immediately usable by body cells.
Structure: ATP is an adenine containing RNA nucleotide to which two additional phosphate groups have been added. Without ATP, molecules cannot be made, cells cannot transport substances across their membrane boundaries, and life processes cease.
Chapter 2: Chemistry Comes Alive.